What air did dinosaurs breathe? Their teeth reveal an unrecognizable planet

What air did dinosaurs breathe? Their teeth reveal an unrecognizable planet

By Dr. Kyle Muller

By analyzing the fossil enamel of dinosaurs, a study reveals CO₂ levels up to three times higher than today: the fault of the intense volcanic activity that inflamed the Mesozoic.

Dinosaurs lived in a climate much richer in carbon dioxide than today. A study by the Universities of Göttingen and Mainz (Germany) reconstructed the composition of Mesozoic air by analyzing the oxygen isotopes preserved in the enamel of fossil teeth.

The results indicate that in the Upper Jurassic the concentration of CO₂ reached around 1,200 parts per million, while in the Late Cretaceous this figure stood at 750 ppm, compared to around 430 today.

Warmer climate

According to the researchers, these high levels were fueled primarily by intense volcanic activity, which pumped huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Some finds show sharp increases in CO₂, probably linked to large eruptions.

A chemical signature in fossils

This technique opens a new window on the past: the teeth of dinosaurs preserve a “chemical signature” of the air breathed millions of years ago, allowing us to reconstruct the climate and ecosystems in which they lived.

Kyle Muller
About the author
Dr. Kyle Muller
Dr. Kyle Mueller is a Research Analyst at the Harris County Juvenile Probation Department in Houston, Texas. He earned his Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from Texas State University in 2019, where his dissertation was supervised by Dr. Scott Bowman. Dr. Mueller's research focuses on juvenile justice policies and evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing recidivism among youth offenders. His work has been instrumental in shaping data-driven strategies within the juvenile justice system, emphasizing rehabilitation and community engagement.
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