Scientific research has recognized EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) as one approach evidence-based particularly useful in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Often confused with hypnosis, this method works through specific stimuli with the aim of supporting the person in processing traumatic memories that have not yet been resolved. Let us now delve deeper together into how the EMDR method has developed over time.
Background and assumptions
The EMDR method is relatively recent: let’s retrace its fundamental stages together.
- 1987: it turns out that eye movements have the effect of reactivating spontaneous memories and psychologist Francine Shapiro was the first to develop procedures based on these effects;
- 1989: the first study on EMDR is carried out and published in the Journal of Traumatic Stress;
- 1990: it turns out that, in addition to eye movements, other forms of bilateral stimulation such as drumming or auditory tones have positive effects;
- 2013: The World Health Organization recognizes EMDR as an effective treatment for treating trauma and related disorders.
EMDR starts from the assumption that the traumatic event is stored in the memory together with the perceptions, emotions, physical sensations and disturbing cognitions that characterized it. All this information is stored in a dysfunctional way, remaining as if “frozen” within the neural networks and, for this reason, does not connect with other useful information networks.
This “frozen” information, unable to be processed, continues to cause discomfort in the person, to the point of leading to the onset of pathologies such as, for example, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and other psychological disorders. The scars of these painful events, in fact, do not easily disappear from the brain: many people continue, even after decades, to suffer from symptoms that affect well-being and make it difficult to start a new life.
A post-traumatic stress disorder testingtogether with a careful clinical evaluation, can help identify symptoms early and arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
Traumatic events: typologies
Throughout life, a person may encounter various forms of potentially traumatic experiences. There are “small traumas” or “t“, or those subjectively disturbing experiences characterized by a perception of danger that is not particularly serious. This category includes, for example, humiliation suffered or abrupt interactions with significant people during childhood.
Alongside these minor traumas are: “T” traumasthat is, all those events that lead to death or that threaten the physical integrity of oneself or of loved ones. This category includes large-scale events, such as abuse, accidents and natural disasters (the latter can lead to solastalgia).
Although the two types of trauma are very different, scientific research has shown that people react emotionally by showing the same symptoms. The responses to these experiences can be varied: from complete recovery and return to a normal life in a short period of time, up to more serious reactions that make it difficult to continue one’s life as before the traumatic event.
Objectives of EMDR
The goal of EMDR is to restore the natural processing of information present in memory, to create new, more functional connections. This method considers all aspects of a stressful or traumatic experience, both cognitive and emotional as well as behavioral and neurophysiological. When this process occurs, the person can see the disturbing event and themselves from a new perspective.
At the end of the EMDR session, the experience is used constructively and is integrated into a positive cognitive and emotional pattern. Through treatment with EMDR it is therefore possible to:
- relieve emotional suffering
- allow the reformulation of negative beliefs
- reduce thearousal physiological, i.e. the reaction that can, for example, increase the heart rate.
This approach is also effective for those who have difficulty describing the traumatic event they experienced. EMDR, in fact, uses techniques based on non-verbal interventions that can:
- offer greater control in reporting the experience;
- help in the regulation and management of intense emotions that may emerge during the processing phase.
Effectiveness of EMDR
The EMDR approach can represent a valid ally for those who wish to face and re-elaborate difficult memories, offering a more streamlined therapeutic path compared to traditional methods and encouraging a more conscious management of one’s emotions. Thanks also to the reassuring presence of the therapist, many people experience concrete relief after just a few sessions, with a significant reduction in symptoms related to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. The effectiveness of EMDR in this area is now widely recognized and documented and, currently, this technique is also successfully used for the treatment of other pathologies and psychological disorders.
The effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is now widely recognized and documented and, currently, it is a therapeutic approach also used for the treatment of other pathologies and psychological disorders, such as:
- Depression and other mood disorders (such as dysthymia and cyclothymia)
- Processing of pathological mourning
- Anxiety disorders
- Obsessive compulsive disorders
- Sexual disorders
- Psychosomatic disorders
- Personality disorders
- Eating disorders (DCA)
- Chronic pain
- Addictions
The phases of EMDR therapy: an operational overview
In the presence of disorders such as those listed above, the choice to begin a path of EMDR therapy can represent a precious opportunity to face and rework painful or traumatic experiences. In fact, EMDR therapy develops through a series of structured phases, designed to accompany the person step by step, from the initial assessment to the conclusion of the treatment, guaranteeing flexibility and safety. Let’s now see what the main phases of EMDR therapy are:
- Medical history and treatment planning: the therapist collects the person’s life history, identifies the traumatic events and together defines the objectives of the therapy.
- Preparation: we work on creating a relationship of trust and explaining the EMDR method, providing emotion management strategies to deal with any moments of discomfort.
- Assessment: The target memories to be processed are identified, along with the associated emotions, negative beliefs and physical sensations.
- Desensitization: through bilateral stimulation (such as eye movements), the processing of the traumatic memory is facilitated, gradually reducing the negative emotional charge.
- Installation: the positive beliefs that emerge during the session are strengthened, helping the person to integrate new perspectives on themselves and the event experienced.
- Body scan: checks for the presence of any residual physical tension, working to promote a sense of well-being and relaxation.
- Closure: Each session concludes with stabilization techniques, to ensure that the person leaves the session in a state of emotional balance.
- Revaluation: in subsequent sessions, the change is monitored and a decision is made whether to work on other memories or consolidate the results obtained.
This structure allows the trauma to be addressed progressively, respecting everyone’s time and resources.
The AIP model and the theoretical basis of EMDR
EMDR is based on AIP (Adaptive Information Processing) modelwhich explains how our brain processes and integrates lived experiences. According to this model, when a traumatic event is not processed adequately, information remains “stuck” in neural networks, causing distress and persistent symptoms.
EMDR treatment aims to reactivate the natural information processing process, allowing the brain to connect the traumatic memory to new, more adaptive information. In this way, the painful experience can lose its negative emotional charge and be integrated in a more functional way into the personal history.
This theoretical model is recognized and supported by numerous international guidelines, including those ofWorld Health Organization (WHO) and of theAmerican Psychological Association (APA)who recommend EMDR as the treatment of choice for post-traumatic stress disorder.
Duration of EMDR treatment and factors that can influence it
The duration of an EMDR journey can vary significantly from person to person, based on various factors. In some cases, just a few sessions are enough to achieve significant improvement, while in others the treatment may take longer.
The main factors that influence the duration of treatment are:
- The complexity and number of traumatic events: those who have experienced repeated or very serious traumas may need a more complex path.
- The presence of personal resources and a support network: Support from family and friends can make the processing process easier.
- The presence of other psychological disorders: Conditions such as anxiety, depression or personality disorders may require longer, integrated work.
- The motivation and availability of the person: a collaborative attitude and trust in the therapeutic path can speed up recovery times.
On average, for the treatment of a single traumatic event, the literature suggests that 3 to 6 sessions are necessary, but each path is unique and is adapted to individual needs (according to WHO guidelines, 2013).
Epidemiological data on trauma and the importance of intervention
Psychological traumas are unfortunately very widespread events in the general population. According to 2022 World Health Organization research, approximately 70% of the people in the world has experienced at least one traumatic event in their life.
Not everyone develops post-traumatic stress disorder, but a significant portion may experience symptoms that compromise psychological well-being and quality of life. Intervening early with effective treatments such as EMDR can help reduce the risk of symptoms becoming chronic and promote faster and longer-lasting recovery.
These data underline the importance of recognizing the signs of distress and turning to qualified professionals to receive adequate support.
Taking care of your well-being is important
Dealing with the wounds of the past may seem difficult, but you are not alone: recognizing the need for help is the first step towards a more peaceful life and less conditioned by the weight of traumatic memories. EMDR, as you have read, can be an effective and recognized approach to processing trauma and helping to find emotional balance. If you feel that the time has come to take care of yourself and you want to find out how psychotherapy can help you, Evidence Network is here to accompany you on this journey. Find the professional best suited to your needs: start the questionnaire to find your psychologist online and take the first step towards the change you deserve.
